Wednesday, April 17, 2013

Ice's ability to float: a major property of water


        When a recipe calls for melted chocolate, you place some chunks in the saucepan and wait until it melts. While the chocolate melts you slowly add more chunks which sink to the bottom of the melted chocolate. Whilst taking a break you grab a glass of water with a few ice cubes floating at the surface. Why does the solid form of water ,ice, float on the liquid form while the solid form of chocolate drowns in its liquid form?













     






Why does ice float?

         When water temperature reaches zero degrees Celsius, water molecules lose energy and begin to vibrate slower than before. This allows the water to change from the state of liquid to the state of solid.When this occurs, water freezes into the grid like shape shown below.

The atoms with red dots mark the B layer with O-H-O
links ( the oxygen atom of one molecule connected to
the hydrogen atom of another molecule connected to another
molecule's oxygen atom) pointing up to the next B layer.The non marked
atoms are marking the A layer with H-O-H links and leading up to the
next A layer. This was described on the third website from the bottom
at the end of this page .

This causes ice to be less dense than its liquid form making it able to float on the surface. Remember that less dense substances are always pushed above the dense substances like warm air being pushed above the cold air.


How does ice's ability to float affect organisms beneath ?

           During the harsh winter how do organisms in lakes in colder areas survive? The ice that solidifies above the lake insulates the water beneath ,preserving it and its residents. This allows the water underneath the ice to remain in liquid form.


What if the ice sank to the bottom of the liquid, just as the chocolate sank in the melted chocolate ?Say the ice that formed at the lake and sank to the bottom. This exposes the lake to the freezing winter air. The air molecules bump into the warmer water molecules and ,through conduction, transfer heat. The water molecules are cooler than before. If the water temperature is 0 degrees Celsius, the lake will freeze and eventually ,after repeating this, freeze solid. If the water temperature is not cold enough for the water to become ice, the fish ,or other residents of the lake, may not be able to survive in the new,cool temperature. One break in a food chain will affect the other members of the chain and eventually collapse the chain.

One break in a food chain will affect and/or collapse the rest.


I will be posting a slideshow on this soon ! :)






































Sunday, November 25, 2012

The Gospel Of Jesus' Wife

The Gospel Of Jesus' Wife

What do we know?

     According to the Bible and all other literature known to man Jesus was not married.A recent discovery has questioned our belief. A papyrus was found that states that Jesus had a wife.The papyrus refers to a Mary and Karen King,a renowned Harvard scholar, thinks that this Mary might be Mary Magdalene.We believed he did not have a wife, but then we began to question, what do we know for sure? The story could have changed as it was passed down. Belief is the key to knowing something is true. If something changed in that belief how do you know what's still true and what isn't?    


Writing and Religion

One characteristic of civilization is writing. In the third millennium , papyrus was used to write and record on. Papyrus is a tough plant that was used to make a paper-like material and rope.The text that was found claiming that Jesus had a wife, was written on papyrus. The writing on the papyrus is in Coptic and states that Jesus said "...my wife" ,when translated into English. Writing is characteristic of civilization that relates to the idea of Jesus having a wife because it was stated in writing on the papyrus. Another characteristic of civilization is religion. Christians believe that Jesus Christ was the messiah who died to forgive our sins.The papyrus states that this messiah was also married. Religion relates to the idea of Jesus having a wife because, if true, it changes the way Christians once believed about the topic. 



This picture shows Mary Magdalene with an alabaster jar.
The thought that she was the woman with the alabaster jar
          was proved false. Before it was proven false artists depicted her
with an alabaster jar.    

Mary Magdalene: according to the Christians


In a Bible verse a sinful woman walked into the house of a Pharisee and began to wash Jesus'  feet with her tears and wipe them with her hair.She covered his feet in kisses and anointed his feet with expensive oil from an alabaster jar. Jesus forgave her sins because of her faith.The woman's name is not mentioned so she is identified by the woman with the alabaster jar. Many people once thought that Mary Magdalene was this woman and this is why the picture depicts her with an alabaster jar.Studies have proved she is not the woman with the alabaster jar ,but Christians seem to identify themselves with her.This is because the woman with the alabaster jar received forgiveness for her sin(s) after she repented.


Does the Bible contain  reliable proof of Jesus having a wife ?

The Bible was written many years after Jesus died so
it is not exact proof. The Bible  is a memory,
a mixing of truth, other beliefs,and twists in the story. Like other
              verbal stories , tales, and records passed down generation to generation,
the story will change and we will never know what is true
but, because Religion is based on beliefs it doesn't matter. 
The Bible has 4 gospels which are not necessarily true facts, but understandings of different people.They were written 35 to 90 years after Jesus' death. As the story of Jesus was told and retold, changes to events and characters must have occurred , and it has raised confusion about Jesus and his followers. Whenever the New Testament refers to Jesus’ relatives, they speak only of his father and mother, but never of a wife. Every Jewish man in Jesus’ day usually got married,especially those who were considered to be 
Rabbis,but it was not required.The fact
 that the gospels do not mention this 
suggests that Jesus could have been
 unmarried.It does seem fantastic to 
imagine that if Jesus had been married to 
Mary Magdalene,or to any other woman for
 that matter why would this fact,be completely
 taken out of or forgotten from all of the earliest
 records of Jesus' life.                


Mary Magdalene: according to King

                                                                                       Reading the papyrus

1."not (to) me.My mother gave to me (life)...."
2. The disciples said to Jesus,"
3. deny. Mary is worthy of it
4. "Jesus said to them,"My wife
5. she will be able to be my disciple
6. Let the wicked people swell up
7. As for me, I dwell  with her in order to
8. an image



This piece of papyrus, smaller than a business card, has changed the thinking of many people.The Coptic language is translated above. According to the 400 year old text , Jesus had a wife and Karen King's idea is that the 'Mary' the papyrus refers to is Mary Magdalene.The papyrus dates back to 150 AD  ,but so does the question - did Jesus have a wife?-. Only 100-150 years after he died, did the question arise so the papyrus is not real proof of Jesus having a wife.It is  proof that at maybe people thought he had a wife. The papyrus proves this because these events were recorded on it years after they happened.



Conclusion


The idea that Jesus could be married is hard for people to accept because it takes away from his divinity and makes him more human.It also makes us question what else is the Bible leaving out. The Bible is not proof that Jesus was not married only because it doesn't mention anything about his marriage The papyrus does not prove conclusively that Mary Magdalene was the wife of Jesus. What it does prove is that people once thought he was married.In my opinion, the finding of this papyrus has been a good thing because it will get people to talk about the idea of a married Jesus and this talk will certainly lead to the understanding that a married Jesus does not really matter.


By: Maanasi





















Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Expert on a country : Chile

Chile: where the land runs out

Where in the world is Chile?    (Location)

Chile is located in South America and runs along the Pacific Ocean.It shares borders with Argentina, Peru, Bolivia,and the Pacific Ocean.Chile's capitol is Santiago. It is located in the Western Hemisphere and it is the longest and thinnest country in the world.Chile's northern region is hot and dry and has the Atacama desert ,the driest desert in the world. Chile's Central Valley is the heart of the land where agriculture and industry is very important. The southern area of Chile is broken up into  islands. The southern region area of Chile is known as the Lakes Region and has many beautiful landscapes.



Crazy geography   (Place)

One writer described Chile's geography as loco (crazy) and the Chileans take glee in using the phrase.Chile's geography is complicated though.Chile has  about a 100 volcanoes, 50 of which are active. It has some of the highest mountains in the world (the Andes mountains), geysers, and glaciers . At sea level it may be a scalding heat while in the mountains,an hour away,it may be snowing so hard that you can only see white.Towards southern Chile the land is known as the Archipelago because it is broken into many islands. The Huemul and the Condor are Chile's national animals.The Santiago zoo is the only place in central Chile where one can see wildlife.The Alerce tree is a large Conifer ,much like the American redwood, and it is now illegal to cut them down in Chile.Chile's national flower is the Copihue , a bell shaped flower with thick petals.


Chile's coat of arms shows the Huemul 
(rare deer on  left) and the Condor (bird on 
right). Por La Razon O La Fuerza  is Chile's
motto "By Reason or by Force"
The small reddish deer known as a Pudu is just one of the endangered species at the Santiago Zoo.            








This picture shows one of the many amazing lake region scenes












Exports at the port  (Movement)

Chile grows many fruits and veggies which they export to different places.The Chileans grow apples,grapes,pears, and lemons. Farm products such as beans ,cattle  ,peas, hemp ,and sunflowers are also exported. Chilean grapes are used to make wine.The wine industries have a high demand on wine as well. Sheep ranching was also popular after the 19 century European immigrants came. Salmon is also exported from Chile's fish farms.Chilean salmon has the highest demand in salmon in the world after Norwegian salmon.Mining is also popular in Chile.Nitrates,copper ,iodine,lithium,iron,zinc, and molybdenum are mined in Chile.In fact the Chiquicamata pit mine in Chile is the largest open pit mine in  the world. Chile imports fuel, petroleum products,computers,and industrial machinery.


This is a Chilean salmon farm.
                                               World's largest open pit mine the Chuquicamata.                                                        

Chilean culture  (Region)

Mapuches means "men of the land". The Mapuches are natives who lived in south-central Chile and the strongest resisters to Spanish control. They live in reservations in central Chile in poverty.The Mapuche religion is based on a balance in good and evil. One god represents love and creation while the other god is ruler of destruction,death,sin, and illness.Women, according to the Mapuche beliefs , can talk to these gods.
The Chilean currency is in pesos which replaced the earlier escudos.The main ways to earn money in Chile are to be involved in : farming,fishing,and foresting. They grow fresh fruit and raise salmon. Chileans also mine in northern Chile. In the Atacama Desert they found many deposits of nitrates and minerals after the War of the Pacific.

                                                These are Chilean pesos,but paper bills also exist.                                                       


People meet Land  (Interaction)

When people first discovered Chile's land was good for agriculture, they cleared out a lot of the forest land.Recently they have been replanting trees which is improving the soil and the number of wood products.Chile has good climate and soil for growing grapes as well.The Chileans plant grapes and export wine made in wine industries.This wine is now world famous.The Chileans also sell a lot of salmon and shellfish causing the number of salmon and shellfish to decrease.Even so the profit is great.


                                                   Chilean wine is very popular.




What do you know about Chile?     ( copy the answers down)

Multiple choice

1. Where is Chile?
   
   a. North America
   b. South America
   c. Europe
   e. Asia
    f. Africa
   g. Australia

2. Which is the highest demand in exports from Chile?


   a. Wine

   b. Oranges
   c. Salmon
   d. Beaver pelts

3.What is a Pudu ?


   a. Reddish brown deer

   b. Penguin
   c. Type of bird 
   d. National flower
   e. Endangered reddish brown deer

4. Which tree is most like an Alercer tree ?


    a. Evergreen

    b. Pinecone
    c. Redwood

5. What are the two animals on the Chilean coat of arms?

  
    a. Humel and the Condor
    b. Condor and the Humel
    c. the pudu and the copihue

6. What can women do according to Mapuche beliefs?


     a. Cook and clean

     b. Fly to the moon
     c. Change shape 
     d. Talk to the gods

7. What is the Chilean currency?

   
     a. Pesos
     b. Escudos
     c. Dollar bills

8. Chileans fish for salmon.

     
     a. True
     b. False

9. What line crosses northern Chile?


    a. Tropic of Capricorn

    b. Equator
    c. Longitude
    d. Latitude

10. The driest desert in the world is in Chile.

    a. True
    b. False

Short answer ( only a few words needed)


11. Name three items mined in Chile?


12. Name three fruits exported in Chile?



13. What are the three main ways to earn money in Chile?

14.What is the name of the driest desert in the world?


 15.What does Chile's motto mean?


16. Name the three regions of Chile?


17.What is the Mapuche religion based on? 


18.What popular mountain range is located in Chile?


19. What is the largest open pit mine in the world? 


20. What is the Archipelago ?


BONUS :


Are the volcanoes in Chile part of the Ring of Fire?



YES or NO  

 -------- by : Maanasi